TUMASYO ARROUND THE WORLD

Archive for the ‘World Travel’ Category

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest pyramid of the three pyramids at Giza necropolis and it is believed that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh, Khufu (Cheops) and constructed over 20 years and is expected to take place in the years around 2560 BC. Pyramid is sometimes referred to as the Pyramid of Khufu.

El Giza Giza region or also known as or El Gizeh Gizeh (Al Jizah) is a region located in the area near Cairo (Egypt), pyramids are found here are the largest category in comparison with the pyramids on earth.

Pyramids of Giza or the great pyramid that lies in a stretch of desert temperatures over 35 degrees Celsius is composed of three great Pyramids Sphinx plus one. Third is the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Rakhaef / Chephren) and Menkaure (Mycerinus) plus the three small pyramids. Each of the pyramid of Cheops and Mycerinus Chepren have a common interior.

There is a king room, queen room, the door of the tunnel (with a diameter of four feet with a length of 40 meters). Most residents at the famous century as a farmer. they utilize the Nile valley to serve as their waters.

Pyramids of Giza built the ancient Egyptians about 5000 years ago has a wide area that could be equated between the distance from St. Peter (Rome), the Cathedral of Florence (Milan) to the St. Paul (London). Also believed to be a collection of stones on the Pyramids of Giza when put together can make a 3-meter-high walls with a thickness of 0.3 meters that can cover the whole of France.

When compared with the Empire State Building in New York, pyramid or pyramid is more than 30-fold and can even be seen from the moon. While the Egyptians Kunosendiri build within 30 years. Not to mention of how to move the stone pyramid of rock and compile them into a high (some say makes the structure as on the slopes or threaded screw is then whitewashed with lime on the outer layer.

Someone mentioned that the rock the rock is the result of casting), construction of accurate weight and center point of the object. So as mentioned earlier there is mention that the Pyramid was built by linking with a portrait of a UFO with a pyramid on Mars. Anything else is speculated that the pyramids were built by the future humans are stranded in the past.

There is also a pyramid associated with the constellation Orion constellation in terms of layout and the Pyramids of Giza pyramid katiga Mayapun believed to have the same location and position of the constellation Orion based groups. In addition it is also believed there is room under the Sphinx (called Hall off of Records) which is the secret key to the Zep’s Edge which is a past golden age when the Pyramids of Giza is made.

According to research from scientists and Archaeology, the raw material of the pyramid is taken from several places. For example limestone from Tura, granite from Aswan, copper from Sinai and the wood for the coffins of Lebanese who all transported via the Nile. Then the workers average worker died at a young age between 30 years due to spinal cord injury due to carrying very heavy loads. Then there are also revealed how the emergency rescue for injured workers.

Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars on the banks of the River Seine in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and one of the world famous structure. 300-meter-high tower was built in 1889 for the International Exposition, a symbol of the City of Paris. The tallest structure in Paris made of wrought iron is established within two years and demonstrate the progress of construction techniques.

Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris and one of the world famous structure. More than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 people in 2006, making it cost monument most visited in the world. Including the antenna as high as 24 m (79 feet), this structure has a height 325 m (1063 ft) since 2000, the same as a conventional 81-story building.

When the tower was completed in 1889, it became the tallest structure in the world, who retained the title until 1930 when the Chrysler Building in New York City (319 m – 1047 feet) is finished. The tower is now the fifth-tallest in France and the highest in Paris, with the second highest structure of the Tour Montparnasse (210 m – 689 ft), although it would be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m – 738.36 ft).

The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7300 tons while the entire structure including non-iron component weighs 10,000 tons. Depending on temperature, away from the sun’s spire can be 18 cm (7 inches) due to expansion of iron on the part facing the sun. The tower is also swinging 6-7 cm (2-3 inches) in a windy atmosphere.

As a demonstration of the economy of the building, when 7300 tons of metal structure were melted, it would fill 125 square meters with a depth of 6 cm (2:36 inches), which means the iron density of 7.8 tonnes per cubic meter. The tower has a mass less than the mass of air in the cylinder with the same dimensions, and 88.3 324 meters radius. 10,100 tons of heavy tower when compared with 10,265 tons of air.

The first and second levels are accessible by stairs and elevator. A ticket booth at the south tower to sell tickets to the stairs which begin at that location. On the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs were open to everyone who goes up and down depending on if they had bought tickets or tickets elevator stairs. Number 9 steps to the ticket counter at the bottom, 328 to the first level, 340 to the second level and 18 to the platform elevator at the second level.

When out of the elevator on the third level there are 15 stairs up to the observation platform above. The number of gradual steps printed on the side of the stairs to give an indication of the ascent. Most of the ascent to the scene directly beneath and around the tower although some short-covered stairs.

Treatment consists of procuring the tower 50 to 60 tons of paint every seven years to keep it from rusting. To maintain the appearance of the visitors below, three different colors used on the tower, with darker colors at the bottom and the lightest on top. Paint color changed; the tower is painted in brown-gray. At the first level there is an interactive console that tells the color of the next painting. The architect of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.

The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance to the Exposition Universelle, the World Exposition that celebrated the French Revolution a century. Eiffel originally planned to build the tower in Barcelona, ??for the Universal Exposition of 1888, but the responsible parties in the town hall Barcelonamenganggapnya strange and expensive, and does not fit the city.

After the rejection of Plan of Barcelona, ??Eiffel send the draft to those responsible for the Universal Exposition in Paris, where he built the tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on 31 Maret1889, and opened on May 6.

Three hundred workers joined together 18,083 Embedded metal parts (pure form of structural iron), use two nails and a half million, in the structural form by Maurice Koechlin. The risk of accident was great, for scrapers langitmodern the tower is open without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took a cautious stance, including the use of moving pulley block, track and display aids, only one person who died.

The tower is getting criticism from the public when it was built, calling it disturbing eyes. Daily newspapers are filled with letters from the art community in Paris. One of them included in the U.S. Government Publishing Office of William Watson of the Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Arsitektur1892.

“And during twenty years we have seen, runs through the town, still lived by people centuries genius, we see a black shadowy expanse of black columns, built of iron spikes.” Signing the letter include Messonier, Gounod, Garnier, Gerome, Bougeureau, and Dumas.

Novelist [Guy de Maupassant] – who hate the tower – the Tower lunch at the restaurant every day. When asked why, he replied that it was the only place in Paris where we can not see the Tower. Today, still regarded as a striking piece of structural art.

One of the film cliché Hollywoodmenampilkan Paris view from the window which always showed tower. In fact, since the building height restriction in Paris to 7 stories, only a few taller buildings have a clear view of the tower.

Eiffel had a permit the tower to stand for 20 years, which means it must be dismantled in 1909, when ownership transferred to the City of Paris. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved extremely profitable in terms of communication, the tower was left standing after the permit expires. The military uses it to set up a taxi at the forefront of Paris during the First Battle of the Marne, and the battle was a victory monument.

The shape of the tower

When the tower was built many people were surprised with a challenging form. Eiffel was criticized for the design and forced to try to design something artsy, or no art from the side view, with no desire to build. Eiffel and his engineers, known as a bridge builder, to understand the interests of wind power and knew that they would build the tallest structure in the world they have to match the wind.

In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:

Now for what I give the main reason for its design? The tower is windproof. All right! I certify that the curvature of the four outer sides of the tower, as mathematical calculation will give a good view of the strength and beauty, and gives the impression to anyone who saw the overall sophistication of design.

The shape of the tower has previously been expressed by mathematical calculations windproof. Several theories have been proposed calculations for years, most recently the different integral equations nonlineardidasarkan on the balancing of wind pressure from any side of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that time. The shape is exponential. Plot dangerous in the arch of the tower, featuring two different exponents, the bottom has a strong defense against the wind.

Installation

Since the beginning of the 20th century, this tower has been used for radio transmissions. Until the 1950s, a collection of wires extending from the tower until the meeting ends on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They are connected with long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; 1909, a permanent underground radio center was built near the south pillar and still exists today.

November 20, 1913, Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, sends the signal wirelessly to the Observation Center for the United States Navy who uses an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. Object transmission to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, DC

The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first level (95 m, 311 feet above sea level), and Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second level, with a special elevator. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007, a chef with many Michelin star Alain Ducasse was brought to the Tower to run Jules Verne.

Observation deck on top, with a height of 275 meters, is the highest area in the architectural structure of the European Union which opened to the public.

Passenger lifts from ground level to the first level and is operated by a towing cable that is run by a big piston-powered water. When climbing the arch, ride the elevator cabin a bit, but with upside surprises every few seconds, to keep the level of alignment. Construction elevator is shown and opened to the public in a museum in one of the four pillars of the tower.

Gustave Eiffel’s tower perpetuate the seventy-two names of scientists, engineers and other famous French person. The names were removed at the beginning of the 20th century but the original is returned in 1986-1987 by Société Nouvelle d’Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.

Claims of copyright images

Figure tower has long been a common domain, but, in 2003 SNTE (Société nouvelle d’exploitation de la tour Eiffel) installed new lighting in the tower. This effect is aimed at drawing the other night and the appearance of the lighting tower under copyright.

This controversial provision of the copyright. Director of Documentation for SNTE, Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, “It is only intended to keep the commercial use of images, so it is not used in ways that we do not agree with.” However, it also may have the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night is spread also spread the image that does not aim for profit and semi-commercial to the tower.

In a recent decision, the Court of Cassation stated that copyright can not be claimed against the image that includes the building of copyrighted if photo covers an area wider. This indicates that SNTE can not claim copyright in the photograph in Paris which includes the appearance of the tower.

In some jurisdictions, this copyright claim is not allowed. In the legal rights of ciptaRepublik Ireland, jobs “permanent conducted in a public place or place open to the public” can be entered freely on the visual reproduction.

Angkor Wat is a temple situated in Cambodia and is considered one of the wonders of the world. She was built by King Suryavarman II in the mid-12th century. Construction of Angkor Wat temple took 30 years. Angkor Wat is located in the plains are also filled with buildings of Angkor temples, a beautiful-beautiful, but Angkor Wat is the most famous temples on the plain of Angkor.

King Suryavarman II build Angkor Wat according to Hindu belief that laid the mountain Meru as the center of the world and is home to Hindu deities, with Angkor Wat’s central tower is the tallest tower and the main tower within the built Angkor Wat.

As the tale of Mount Meru, the temples of Angkor Wat is surrounded by walls and canal representing the sea and the mountains that encircle the globe. The main entrance to Angkor Wat and a half kilometer along the railing decorated with hand holder and flanked by man-made sea that are recognized as Barays.

The entrance to the temple of Angkor Wat through the gate, representing jambatan rainbow that connects between the natural world with the nature of the gods.

Angkor Wat is in good shape compared to other temples in the plains due to Angkor Wat Angkor has been exchanged into berterusan kuilBuddha and used to replace the trust if the trust Hindu Buddha at Angkor in the 13th century. Angkor temples never colonized by Siam in 1431.

For centuries, the area around the Mekong River delta and Central Cambodia, under the authority of the Kingdom of Java (now Indonesia). But in the year 802, Khmer prince Jayavarman II, who was born and raised in the palace of the kingdom of Java during the Sailendra dynasty, declared that the territory inhabited by Khmer people, apart from Java. And then establish a new kingdom, the kingdom of Angkor.

Prince Javawarman II was crowned as Devaraja (divine king) by a Brahman priest. In subsequent years, Jayavarman repeatedly move his capital. First in Indrapura (east of Kampong Cham), then to Wat Phou (Laos is now the south end) and last in Rolous (near Angkor).

In the year 889, Yasovarman I became king of Khmer. He began to build Angkor, which was later renamed Yasodharapura. RajaYasovarman ruled until 900.

In 1002, Suryavarman I seize the throne. Under his rule, the Angkor empire expanded to the areas that now are Thailand and Laos.

In 1080, after Angkor was conquered by the kingdom of Champa, the northernmost province of Khmer governor declared himself king, bearing the name of Jayavarman VI. He’s new Khmer empire ruled from the northernmost province of Khmer. In 1113, a nephew of Jayavarman VI is crowned king of Khmer royal. He chose to bear the name of Suryavarman II. During his reign, Angkor Wat was built.

In 1177, Angkor re-conquered by the troops of Champa. Jayavarman VII, the nephew of Suryavarman II, became king in 1181 and later conquest of Vijaya, the capital of the kingdom of Champa (now Vietnam). Under the reign of Jayavarman VII, Khmer territory expands, even the largest of which once belonged. Capacity reached Thailand and Laos, even up to Myanmar, Malaysia and Vietnam. Jayavarman VII changed the religion from Hinduism to Buddhism and made Buddhism the national religion is new.

In 1200, Angkor Thom as the capital of the new kingdom, began to be built. Construction of Angkor Thom is very large, have drained the sources of wealth of the Khmer Empire. So that in subsequent years, the Khmer have problems in the economy.

In the following decades, began to seem a setback at Angkor. In the West, Thai kingdoms dominated the political powers. In the East, monarchies Vietnam increasingly uphill. As a small country, Cambodia to try to survive.

Khmer kingdom relies heavily on the Tai kingdoms and Vietnam. To be freed from the oppression one country conquering, Khmer needed help from other powerful countries. But the Khmer have to pay all its debts as payment of compensation.

In 1432, after Angkor was reconquered by the royal Thai, Khmer people leave the capital and lived in the jungle.

Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”), Sancta Sophia in Latin or Aya Sofya in Turkish, is a former church building (basilica) and the mosque, now a museum in Istanbul. Because it has two functions, namely as mosques and churches, the museums can be found two symbols for Christians and Muslims.

Period Byzantine Empire

Until 1453, the Hagia Sophia is the cathedral church (basilica) Byzantines built by Constantius, the son of Constantine the Great. The church is frequently hit by earthquakes and downs, although the dome-shaped building is made. On 7 May 558, at the time of Emperor Justinian, the eastern dome collapsed after an earthquake hit. On October 26 986, during the reign of Emperor Basil II (958-1025, again affected by the earthquake.

Finally, extensive renovations carried out so as not affected by the earthquake at the beginning of the 14th century. The specialty of this building is situated on a large dome shape and height. Tenghnya size 30 m. Fundamennya high and 54 m. The interior is decorated with mosaics and frescoes, its pillars are made of colored marble, and walls adorned with carvings.

Ottoman Turkish Period

When Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on Tuesday, May 27, 1453 and entered the city, Mehmed II dismounted and prostrated thanks to God, then go to the Church of Hagia Sophia into a mosque and ordered the change known as the Aya Sofia. Jum’atnya directly converted into mosques for Friday prayers.

Various modifications to the building to be done to fit the pattern and style of mosque building. At the time of Mehmed II (1444-1446 and 1451-1481) built the tower in the south. Selim II (1566-1574) to build two towers and convert part of the building is characterized by the church. Including changing the sign of the cross on display at the top of the dome was decorated with a crescent moon.

So for nearly 500 years the Hagia Sophia serves as a mosque. The statue, cross, and his paintings had been removed or covered with paint.

The period of ‘Modern’

In 1937, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk changed the status of Hagia Sophia into a museum. Begin the project “The demolition of Hagia Sophia”. Some parts of the walls and ceilings scraped from paints calligraphy until rediscovered paintings of sacred Christian.

Since then, the Aya Sofya mosque as one of famous tourist attraction by the Turkish government in Istanbul. Historical value covered the Byzantine architectural style fascinating.

The letters in the Hagia Sophia Mosque

Here exhibited letters that show the greatness of the caliph in the Ottoman caliphate ensure, protect, and prosperity of its citizens or foreigners indiscriminately asylum seekers. The oldest is the letter of the land certificate given in 1519 to Jewish refugees who fled from the cruel Spanish Inquisition after the fall of Islamic rule in al-Andalus.

Then a letter of thanks from the Government of the United States for food aid sent kholifah to it being hit by hunger (after the war with England) the 18th century. Then letters of guarantee protection to the King of Sweden who expelled the Russians and exiled to kholifah dancing at 7 Agustus1709.

Letter dated 13 Robi’ul End 1282 H (5 September1865) who gave permission and the cost of the 30 families who emigrated to Greece Rusianamun back to the caliphate, because in Russia they were just miserable. The latest is a free allowance of luggage regulations of the Russians who seek exile to the caliphate after the Bolshevik Revolution of 25 Desember1920 M.

Here, approximately 100 samples exhibited a remarkable letter, either directed or issued to kholifah. Unfortunately, you’ll enjoy all the evidence if it is as if a proof of the greatness of the Turks, did not emanate from the creed, the Shari’ah and Islamic Khilafah system.

Taj Mahal is a monument located in Agra, India. Built on the desire of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Jahangir’s son, as a mausoleum for the wife of Persian, Arjumand Banu Begum, also known as Mumtaz-ul-Zamani or Mumtaz Mahal. Its construction took 23 years (1630-1653) and is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture.

In a city named Agra is located in the northern region of Uttar Pradesh, stands a beautiful building. At first glance this building like a mosque. But, in fact this is a tomb. His name, the Taj Mahal. For centuries, this building became inspired many people because of its beauty. Arguably, the Taj Mahal is the most beautiful architectural creations in the world.

Many people are coming in droves building situated on the banks of the Yamuna River to admire. They were amazed by the beauty of its form. They were also impressed with the touching story behind the founding of the Taj Mahal.

Did you know? Taj Mahal is a sign of the love of a prince to his beloved wife. Duh, not romantic anyway? The story, Taj Mahal was built to commemorate Arjumand Bano Begum, wife of prince. Arjumand married the third son of King Jahangir, Prince Khurram, when aged 21 years. Spanjang marriage, his loyal wife accompany her husband in their lavish palace in Agra and in tents during the war.

In 1628 Khurram became king after the bloodshed. Its name was changed to a mean king Shahjahan world. To his wife, Shahjahan gave the highest predicate. His wife became Mumtaz Mahal. Unfortunately, Mumtaz Mahal was not destined long to be queen.

Shahjahan Around 1631 an expedition to the south and, as usual. Mumtaz Mahal accompanied him. However, she died while giving birth to a child-14 Shahjahan. When Mumtaz Mahal died, he was only 39 years.

To commemorate the departure of his wife, Shahjahan decided to set up a beautiful tomb made of genuine marble. The building is founded on the edge of a river that is not covered by other buildings. Building the world will continue to be remembered.

To build a large tomb (or more commonly referred to mausoleum of) this, it took 17 years and mobilize 20 thousand workers. Those who work are experts such as architects, sculptors, calligraphers, and masons from all over India, Persia, and Turkey. Taj Mahal building whose height reaches 60 meters is gold plated, silver and even diamonds. Once completed, this place also became the king’s final resting. This is the beautiful Taj Mahal and ‘expensive’.